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一、短语翻译 元素和化合物：elements and compounds 培养基设计：medium design 醇类物质的命名：nomenclature of alcohols 青霉素和它的生物合成：penicillin and its biosynthesis 水解酶类：hydrolytic enzymes 核苷酸和核酸：nucleotides and nucleic acids 蛋白质浓度的分析程序：assay procedure for protein concentration微生物和病毒：microorganisms and viruses 原核与真核生物的区别：different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes菌种保藏：maintenance and storage 好氧微生物和厌氧微生物：Aerobes and Anaerobes 细菌的基因克隆：Gene cloning in bacteria 自养型微生物和异养型微生物：autotrophic microorganisms and heterotrophic microorganisms 变异株筛选：selection of mutagens 药品研发程序：the drug development process 二、短句翻译 1 化合物是一种物质。它可以分解为两种或两种以上元素 A compound is a substance that can be split into two or more elements 2 在细菌细胞内，大多数,mRNAs是不稳定的。它们的半衰期是2-4min(50摄氏度) Most mRNAs in bacteria are unstable with half-lives of 2-4min (50摄氏度) 3 这些微生物的有关特性是它们不应是病原性的，而且易于保存，培养时花费不多 The relevant characteristics of these microorganisms are that they should be nonpathogenic ,easy to mountain and cheap to grow 。 4 一旦翻译结束。核糖体就从膜上释放下来 On completion of translation the ribosome is released from the membrane 5 真核生物细胞中蛋白质与原核生物中的区别在于真核生物染色体病不是最初“转录”到mRNA上，而是转录到一个分子量的异源核的mRNA上 Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells differs from that in prokaryotes in that the primary transcript from the eukaryotic chromosome is not mRNA but a high molecular weight heterogeneousnuclear RNA 6 很显然，要通过这些途径增加并引导代谢物质的流向，在必要时，就必须除去这些限制 Obviously to increase and direct metabolic flux through such pathways, these restrictions must be removed where necessary 7 关于获得高度表达克隆基因的重要性已经写了很多。但对于载体程定性这一问题的理解却所知甚少 Much has been written about the value of obtaining high express of cloned genes. but a less well understood problem to vector stability 8为使这一短暂发展的微生物技术现代化，早在20世纪70年代，就有人提出了酶的限制和修饰系统。 To bring this（microbial biotechnology） brief history up to date , restriction and modification systems in bacteria were described in the early 1970s 三、长难句翻译 1,Biotechnology sales remain small compared with the chemical industry ,Which has products valued at $700,000 milli