14-压力与健康.pptVIP

The Physiological Effects of Nicotine Promoting Health Fewer Canadian smokers Males Females 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994- 1996- 1995 1997 Year 60% 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage of Canadians smoking Smoking Prevention U.S. teen smoking Smoking Prevention Results of a smoking inoculation program Percentage of students who smoke 20 15 10 5 0 0 4 9 12 16 21 33 Seventh grade Eighth grade Ninth grade Months of study Control school School with smoking Prevention program Fewer teens took up smoking when “inoculated” against it Obesity and Weight Control Obesity and body mass index Obesity and Weight Control Obesity and mortality 18.5 18.5- 20.5- 22.0- 23.5- 25.0- 26.5- 28.0- 30.0- 32.0- 35.0- 40 20.4 21.9 23.4 24.9 26.4 27.9 29.9 31.9 34.9 39.9 Body-mass index (BM I) Men Women 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 Relative risk of death Weight Discrimination When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire Willingness to hire scale (from1: definitely not hire to 7: definitely hire) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Women Men Normal Overweight Weight Control Effects of a severe diet Caloric intake in calories per day Body weight in kilograms Metabolism: Oxygen consumption in liters per hour 3000 2000 1000 0 8 16 24 32 Days 165 160 155 150 145 140 Days Days 26 25 24 23 22 21 8 16 24 32 8 16 24 32 Weight Control Trading risks Weight Control Thinning of Miss America Weight Control Most lost weight is regained -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 1 2 3 4 5 Weight change in pounds Post treatment Years of follow-up Starting point Normal trend for untreated obese people: Gradually rising weight After participation in behavioral Program: Much of initial weight loss regained Weight Control Obesity was more common among those who watched the most te