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选择填空：Syntactic Relations 句法关系 Positional Relation 位置关系：the squential arrangement of words in a language. 2.Relation of subsitutability 替代关系:classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure. 3.Relation of co-occurrence 同观关系 ：means that words of different sets of clauses may permit or require,the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or particular part of a sentence. language What is language ? 1Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication 2.instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is purposeful 3.social and conventional . design features of language the features that define our human languages can be called design features.1.Arbitariness 规约性:The forms of linguistic sign bear no natural relationship to their meaning 2.duality 二层性:The property of having two levels of structures .3.creativity 创造性:language is resourceful（能产性） because of its duality and its recusiveness .4.Displacement 移位性:Symbolize objects ,events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication . Origin of language The bow-wow theory摹声说In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.2.The pooh-pooh theory感叹说In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language.3.The “yo-he-ho” theory育声说As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. Function of language Informative 信息功能 1.the major role of language 2.the use of language to record the fact is a prerequisite of social development 3.It is also ideational function in the framework of functional grammar.2.Interpersonal Function 交际功能the most important sociological use of language is the interpersonal function , People esta