831-Chapter 2Management Theory管理理论.pptVIP

Chapter 2Management Theory管理理论 College of nursing，Weifang medical College 2007-3 Three steps of scientific management Classical Management ---- 20世纪初到20世纪30年代 Behavioral Science management ---- 20世纪30年代到20世纪60年代 Modern Management ---- 20世纪60年代至今 Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) “The Father of Scientific Management” Maximize worker capacity and profits PROBLEM: Get employees to work at their maximum capacity PRIMARY FOCUS: TASKS http://www.northstar.k12.ak.us/schools/ryn/projects/inventors/taylor/taylor.html Systematic Soldiering Deliberately working slowly as to avoid expanding more effort than deemed necessary Reasons Reduction in workforce due to decreased need Piecework system of remuneration - raise production requirements without increasing pay Rule of thumb training methods - inefficient “搬铁块”实验 时间—动作分析 计件工资制 47.5吨，1.85 ＄ “铁锹实验” science of shoveling 确定铲子的载重的重量 21 磅 不同原料用不同的铲子 2张卡片---说明、反馈 管理人员 ，8万美元 Main Elements of Scientific Management Time studies Functional or specialized supervision. Standardization of tools，implements and work methods. Separate Planning function. Management by exception principle. The use of slide-rules and similar time-saving devices . Instruction cards for workmen. Main Elements of Scientific Management－con. Task allocation and large bonus for successful performance. The use of the differential rate‘. Mnemonic systems for classifying products and implements. A routing system. A modern costing system etc. 4 Principles of Scientific Management Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically developed methods are being followed. Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually per